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May 11, 2010
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 | Last Update by John Bakum | May 11, 2010 | 3:16 PM | 1 Attachment | 1 Comment
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John Bakum / Pathogen209 / May 11, 2010 / 3:17 PM
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  1. Jin_Szabo_Carson Phytopath 2010 .pdf (266.4 KB)
May 5, 2010
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 | Last Update by John Bakum | May 5, 2010 | 10:06 AM | 1 Comment
Article Comments
re: New data Where is the old data?
John Bakum / Multimedia353 / May 5, 2010 / 10:07 AM
April 9, 2010
Meeting in St. Petersburg for Obj 24 and screening nursery data (1)
Attendees:
John Bakum
Davinder
Gordon
Dr. Bedada
Peter
Rosemary Shrestha (CIMMYT)
Time and Place:
Wed. June 2, 17:30 – 19:00
?
Meeting Leader: John Bakum
Rapporteur: Gordon (Definition: a person appointed by a deliberative body to investigate an issue or a situation and report to that body.)
OBJECTIVES:
  1. Confirm rules for visitors to the Screening Nurseries, and enforcement of same.
  2. Review Obj. 24 protocols (from Phase II document) for: 1) posting public information, 2) distributing non-public information, 3) germplasm availability and requests
  3. Determine protocol(s) for posting data, removing data, archiving data
  4. Identify interfaces with data management systems.
Outline of Agenda:
-Short review of what is currently on globalrust.org (John)
-Briefing of data management system at CIMMYT (Rosemary)
-Where is the best place for this data to reside going forward?
Archiving: How long should data be available?
-Are there better ways to display information that can help in data analysis
- Is there information we can post on globalrust.org that can reduce time that East Africa staff spends emailing? For example, weekly or monthly status updates, meteorological information, etc. Such information can be held at globalrust.org so that interested parties can visit the website instead of sending an email to Davinder and Peter.
Examples: Regular updates of nursery events: Planting date, Inoculation date(s), Race(s) used in inoculating, Nursery race analyses (race and freq), Kenya/Ethiopia national race analyses, Travel instructions/tips (currency exchange, transport, accommodations , etc.), regular weekly disease development reports(spreader row and check varieties)
 | Last Update by John Bakum | April 8, 2010 | 12:07 PM | 1 Comment
Article Comments
Dear John, Thank you for keeping me in this loop. The agenda looks ...
John Bakum / screening33 / April 9, 2010 / 11:39 AM
September 29, 2009
Taxonomy (2)
Taxonomy of Stem Rust- Puccinia graminis
Kingdom:Myceteae
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Pucciniomycetes
Order: Pucciniales
Family: Uredinales
Genus: Puccinia
species: graminis
 | Last Update by Sarah Davidson | December 16, 2008 | 1:58 PM | 2 Comments
Article Comments
Page should be expanded being just Pg since there are two more rusts.
Jeff Stein / Pathogen170 / March 18, 2009 / 2:42 PM
Of course this interesting resource originates from a collaboration on stem ...
Donal O'Sullivan / Pathogen181 / September 29, 2009 / 9:51 AM
Rust Events Calendar (1)
The Rust Events calendar lists conference, seminars, training sessions and other meetings that are relevant to the rust community. If you have an event you'd like published on the calendar, please email: bgri@cornell.edu
 | Last Update by John Bakum | November 24, 2008 | 4:24 PM | 1 Comment
Article Comments
International Rusts and Powdery Mildews Conference 2009
Donal O'Sullivan / Resources1417 / September 29, 2009 / 9:23 AM
April 23, 2009
Relevant literature (1)
Journal articles
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Tsilo, T.J., Jin, Y., Anderson, J.A. 2007. Microsatellite markers linked to stem rust resistance allele Sr9a in wheat. Crop Science 47: 2013 – 2020.
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Wallwork, H. 2007. The role of minimum disease standards for the control of cereal diseases. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 588-592.
Wanyera, R., Kinyua, M.G., Jin, Y. & Singh, R.P. 2006. The spread of stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, with virulence on Sr31 in wheat in Eastern Africa. Plant Disease 90: 113.
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Watson, I.A. & Luig, N.H. 1962. Selecting for virulence on wheat while inbreeding Puccinia graminis var. secalis. Proceedings of Linn. Society. N.S.W. 87: 39-44.
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Wiethölter, N., Graessner, B., Mierau, M., Mort, A.J. & Moerschbacher, B.M. 2003. Differences in the methyl ester distribution of homogalacturonans from near-isogenic wheat lines resistant and susceptible to the wheat stem rust fungus. Mol. Plant–Microbe Interact. 16: 945–952.
Wiethölter, N., Horn, S., Reisige, K., Beike, U. & Moerschbacher, B.M. 2003. In vitro differentiation of haustorial mother cells of the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, triggered by synergistic action of chemical and physical signals. Fungal Genet. Biol. 38: 320–326.
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Wilcoxson, R.D., Atif, A.H. & Skovmand, B. 1974. Slow rusting of wheat varieties in the field correlated with stem rust severity on detached leaves in the greenhouse. Plant Disease Reporter 58: 1085-1087.
Wilcoxson, R.D., Skovmand, B. & Atif, A.H. 1975. Evaluation of wheat cultivars for ability to retard development of stem rust. Ann. Appl. Biol. 80: 275-281.
William, H.M., Trethowan, R. & Crosby-Galvan, E.M. 2007. Wheat breeding assisted by markers: CIMMYT’s experience. Euphytica 157, 307-319.
Williams, N.D. & Gough, F.J. 1965. Inheritance of stem rust reaction in a Khapli emmer cross. Crop Science 5: 145-147.
Williams, N.D. & Kaveh, H. 1976. Relationships of genes for reaction to stem rust from 'Marquis' and 'Reliance' wheat to other Sr genes. Crop Science 16: 561-564.
Williams, N.D. & Miller, J.D. 1973. Relation of genes from Hope and Red Egyptian wheat for reaction to stem rust. Crop Science 13: 388-389.
Williams, N.D. & Miller, J.D. 1982. Allelic and linkage relations among genes for stem rust resistance from Triticum turgidum, 'Mindum', 'Acme' selection, 'Palestine' and 'Khapli'. Crop Science 22: 1203-1207.
Williams, N.D. & Miller, J.D. 1982. Inheritance of resistance to stem rust in a selection of the wheat cultivar 'Waldron'. Crop Science 22: 1175-1179.
Williams, N.D., Gough, F.J. & Rondon, M.R. 1966. Interaction of pathogenicity genes in Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici and reaction genes in Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare 'Marquis' and 'Reliance'. Crop Science 6: 245-248.
Williams, P.G., Scott, K.J., Kuhl, J.L. & Maclean, D.J. 1967. Sporulation and pathogenicity of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici grown on an artificial medium. Phytopathology 57: 326–327.
Yirgou, D. & Caldwell, R. 1968. Stomatal penetration of wheat seedlings by stem and leaf rusts in relation to effects of carbon dioxide, light, and stomatal aperture. Phytopathology 58: 500–507.
Zadoks, J.C. 1963. Epidemiology of wheat rusts in Europe. FAO Plant Protection Bull. 13: 97–108.
Zadoks, J.C. 1985. Cereal rusts, dogs and stars in antiquity. Cereal Rusts Bulletin 13: 1-10.
Zambino, P.J. & Szabo, L.J. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of selected cereal and grass rusts based on rDNA sequence analysis. Mycologia 85: 401–414.
Zambino, P.J., Kubelik, A.R. & Szabo, L.J. 2000. Gene action and linkage of avirulence genes to DNA markers in the rust fungus Puccinia graminis. Phytopathology 90: 819–826.
Zeven, A.C., Knott, D.R. & Johnson, R. 1983. Investigation of linkage drag in near isogenic lines of wheat by testing for seedling reaction to races of stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust. Euphytica 32: 319-327.
Zhang, P., Friebe, B., Gill, B. & Park, R.F. 2007. Cytogenetics in the age of molecular genetics. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 498-506.
Books and book chapters
Bushnell, W.R. & Roelfs, A.P. (eds.) 1984. The Cereal Rusts Vol. 1: Origins, Specificity, Structure and Physiology. Academic Press, Orlando. 546 pp.
Chester, K.S. 1946. The Nature and Prevention of the Cereal Rusts as Exemplified in the Leaf Rust of Wheat. Waltham, MA: Chronica Botanica.
Cummins, G.B. & Hiratsuka, Y. 1983. Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi, revised ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
Fontana, F. 1767. Observations on the rust of grain. Phytopathological Classics 2. APS Press (1932 rev.).
Jacobs Th, Parlevliet JE, eds, 1993. Durability of Disease Resistance. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Knott, D.R. 1989. The Wheat Rusts – Breeding for Resistance, Springer Verslag, Berlin Heidelberg, 201pp.
Littlefield, L.J. & Heath, M.C. 1979. Ultrastructure of rust fingi. Academic Press, New York.
Luig, N.H. 1983. A survey of virulence genes in wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Advances in Plant Breeding, Supplement 11 to Journal of Plant Breeding, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.
McIntosh, R.A., Wellings, C.R. & Park, R.F. 1995. Wheat rusts: An atlas of resistance genes. Kluwer, Dordrecht. 200pp.
Peterson, P.D. (ed). 2001. Stem rust of wheat: from ancient enemy to modern foe. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
Rajaram, S. & Torres, E. 1986. An integrated approach to breeding for disease resistance: the Cimmyt wheat experience. Pages 55-70 in: Genetic improvement in yield of wheat. CSSA Special Publ. No. 13.
Rajaram, S., Borlaug, N.E. & Van Ginkel, M. 2002. CIMMYT international wheat breeding. In ‘Bread wheat: improvement and production’. B.C. Curtis, S. Rajaram, H. Gomez Macpherson, eds). FAO Plant Production Series 30, FAO, Rome.
Roelfs, A.P. & Busnell, W.R. (eds). 1985. The Cereal Rusts Vol. II: Disease, Distribution, Epidemiology and Control, Academic Press, Orlando. 606 pp.
Roelfs, A.P. & Groth, J.V. 1988. Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, black stem rust of Triticum spp. In Genetics of Plant Pathogenic Fungi, Advances in Plant Pathology, Vol. 6 (Sidhu, G.S., ed.). London: Academic Press, pp. 345–361.
Roelfs, A.P., Singh, R.P. & Saari, E.E. 1992. Rust Diseases of Wheat: Concepts and methods of disease management. Mexico, D.F.: Cimmyt. 81pp.
Scott, K.J. & Chakravorty, A.K. 1982. The Rust Fungi. Academic Press. 288 pp.
Simmonds, N.W. & Rajaram, S. (eds). 1988. Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rusts of Wheat: Cimmyt, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. 151 pp.
Singh, R.P. & Rajaram, S. 2002. Breeding for disease resistance in wheat. In ‘Bread wheat: improvement and production’. (B.C. Curtis, S. Rajaram, H. Gomez Macpherson, eds.). FAO Plant Production Series 30, FAO, Rome.
Watson, I.A. 1981. Wheat and its rust parasites in Australia. Pages 129-147 in: Wheat Science - Today and Tomorrow. L.T. Evans & W.J. Peacock, eds., Cambridge University Press.
Manuals /Technical bulletins
Browder. L.E. 1971. Pathogenic specialization in cereal rust fungi, especially Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici: concepts, methods of study, and application. USDA Technical Bulletin 1432.
Calpouzos, L., Roelfs, A.P., Madson, M.E., Martin, F.B., Welsh, J.R. & Wilcoxson, R.D., 1976. A new model to measure yield losses caused by stem rust in spring wheat. Technical Bulletin 307, Agricultural Experimental Station University of Minnesota.
Roelfs, A.P. 1978. Estimated losses caused by rust in small grain cereals in the United States, 1918-1976. USDA-ARS, Miscellaneous Publication 1363.
Stakman, E. C. & Levine, M.N. 1922. The determination of biologic forms of Puccinia graminis on Triticum spp. Minn. Agric. Exp. St. Techn. Bull. No. 8.
Stakman, E.C., Stewart, D.M. & Loegering, W.Q. 1962. Identification of physiological races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. U.S. Agricultural Research Service, A.R.S. E617, 53 pp.
Proceedings
Global Rust Initiative. 2005. Sounding the alarm on global stem rust – An assessment of race Ug99 in Kenia and Ethiopia and the potential for impact in neighboring regions and beyond. www.globalrust.org.
Hodson, D. P., Singh, R. P., & Dixon, J. M. 2005 . An initial assessment of the potential impact of stem rust (race Ug99) on wheat producing regions of Africa and Asia using GIS. In ‘‘Abstracts. 7th International Wheat Conference’’, p. 142. November 27–December 2, 2005, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
Mukade, K., Kamio, M. & Hosoda, K. 1973. The acceleration of generation advancement in breeding rust-resistant wheat. Pages 439-444 in: Proc. 4th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. E.R. Sears & L.M.S. Sears, eds.
Rajaram, S., Mann, Ch.E., Ortiz-Ferrara, G. & Mujeeb-Kazi, A. 1983. Adaptation, stability and high yield potential of certain 1B/1R CIMMYT wheats. Proc. 6th International Wheat Genetics Symposium 613-621.
Sears, E.R. 1973. Agropyron-wheat transfers induced by homoelogous pairing. Pages 191-199 Pages 901-906 in: Proc. 4th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. E.R. Sears & L.M.S. Sears, eds.
Singh, R.P. 1997. Additive slow rusting genes for resistance to wheat rusts. 11th Biennial APPS Conference, Perth, Australia, 83 – 86.
Singh, R. P., William, H. M., Huerta-Espino, J., & Rosewarne, G. 2004b . Wheat rust in Asia: Meeting the challenges with old and new technologies. In ‘‘New Directions for a Diverse Planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress,’’ September 26–October 1, 2004. Brisbane, Australia.
The, T.T., Latter, B.D.H., McIntosh, R.A., Ellison, F.W., Brennan, P.S., Fisher, J., Hollamby, G.J., Rathjen, A.J. & Wilson, R.E. 1988. Grain yields of near-isogenic lines wirh added genes for stem rust resistance. Pages 901-906 in: Proc. 7th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp., T.E. Miller & R.M.D. Koebner, eds.
Williams, N.D. & Gough, F.J. 1968. Inheritance of stem rust resistance of tetraploid wheats. Proc. 3rd Int. Wheat Genet. Symp., Canberra 239-244.
Williams, N.D. & Maan, S.S. 1973. Telosomic mapping of genes for resistance to stem rust of wheat. Pages 765-770 in: Proc. 4th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. E.R. Sears & L.M.S. Sears, eds.
Williams, N.D., Miller, J.D. & Joppa, L.R. 1979. Inheritance of stem rust resistance in the durum wheat cultivar, Ward. Pages 1057-1060 in: Proc. 5th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp.
Zeller, F.J. 1973. 1B/1R Wheat-rye chromosome substitutions and translocations. Pages 209-221 in: Proc. 4th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. E.R. Sears & L.M.S. Sears, eds.
 | Last Update by Stefan Einarson | October 10, 2008 | 4:18 PM | 1 Attachment | 1 Comment
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Visitor / Resources997 / April 23, 2009 / 12:42 AM
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  1. Zak_Pgt literature_draft 3.doc (118 KB)Zak's third draft of the reference list
April 17, 2009
Gap Analysis Survey Draft 15 April 2009 (2)
 | April 15, 2009 | 4:09 PM
Posted by Sarah Davidson
2 Comments
Name:

Title:

E-mail:

Telephone:

Institution:

Address:

Date:


I. Projects.
What wheat rust-related projects are being undertaken at your institution? Please detail them below, including the project website url where applicable.

Project 1.
Title:
Principle Investigator:
url (website):
Term of Project (start and end dates):
Budget in USD total:
Budget in USD per year:
Funding source (list all donors):
Partner institutions (list all involved):
People working on the project (by name)
Target country or countries (project beneficiaries):
Overall project aim:



Project 2.
Title:
Principle Investigator:
url (website):
Term of Project (start and end dates):
Budget in USD total:
Budget in USD per year:
Funding source (list all donors):
Partner institutions (list all involved):
People working on the project (by name)
Target country or countries (project beneficiaries):
Overall project aim:



Project 3.
Title:
Principle Investigator:
url (website):
Term of Project (start and end dates):
Budget in USD total:
Budget in USD per year:
Funding source (list all donors):
Partner institutions (list all involved):
People working on the project (by name)
Target country or countries (project beneficiaries):
Overall project aim:



Project 4.
Title:
Principle Investigator:
url (website):
Term of Project (start and end dates):
Budget in USD total:
Budget in USD per year:
Funding source (list all donors):
Partner institutions (list all involved):
People working on the project (by name)
Target country or countries (project beneficiaries):
Overall project aim:


Project 5.
Title:
Principle Investigator:
url (website):
Term of Project (start and end dates):
Budget in USD total:
Budget in USD per year:
Funding source (list all donors):
Partner institutions (list all involved):
People working on the project (by name)
Target country or countries (project beneficiaries):
Overall project aim:

Project deliverables (outputs)

If you can detail more than five projects, please refer to attached sheets.

II. Gaps in wheat rust research
We value your opinion on the following questions regarding the current status and needs in global wheat rust research:

1. What do you see as the key challenges in surveillance techniques and logisitics?

2. What do you see as the key challenges in race analysis, nursery innoculation, scoring, and trap nurseries?

3. What challenges do you face in maintaining awareness of the latelst knowledge of effective resistance genes?

4. Are you learning abour new rust races and their distribution as fast as you would like to? If not, what hurdles do you face?

5. Do you have outlets to share your knowledge as rapidly as you would like?

6. How is wheat stem rust research limited by infrastructure/capacity?

7. What gaps exist in our ability to track pathogens?

8. What are the greatest outstanding gaps in breeding stem rust resistant wheat varieties?

9. Where should investments be made in molecular marker research?

10. What are the major gaps in knowledge of wheat or wheat rust research?

11. What should be addressed?
12. What is missing in the current portfolio of wheat rust projects?
13. What is your vision for the:
a. Immediate future?
b. Next 3 years?
c. Next five years?
d. Next ten years?

III. People

I recommend that you refer to the following people to contribute to this survey on the status of stem rust research and needs moving into the near future:

1. Name
E-mail
telephone

2. Name
E-mail
telephone

3. Name
E-mail
telephone

4. Name
E-mail
telephone

5. Name
E-mail
telephone

If greater than five people, add more as needed
Article Comments
Not sure if it would be useful, but would you want to know where the "work" ...
John Bakum / advocacy140 / April 16, 2009 / 5:10 PM
Rick's comments to sarah Budget: Annual or term, be specific. term/ entire ...
Sarah Davidson / advocacy141 / April 17, 2009 / 2:19 PM
March 20, 2009
ruth wanyera bgri paper (2)
 | March 20, 2009 | 5:33 PM
Posted by Guest
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hi beva, how are you
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Ruth, ,what was the parental line_
Guest / betausers74 / March 20, 2009 / 5:34 PM
sr34
Guest / betausers75 / March 20, 2009 / 5:35 PM
March 22, 2009
Identification and validation of molecular markers linked to the leaf rust resistance gene Lr19 in wheat (1)
 | March 20, 2009 | 2:24 PM
Posted by Visitor
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These two articles contain molecular markers, SSRs and SCARs cosegregating ...
Visitor / classifieds13 / March 20, 2009 / 2:28 PM
Attachments
  1. fulltextGupta et al Lr19.pdf (485.1 KB)
  2. Lr24 reprint Euphytica 2006.pdf (362.6 KB)
March 18, 2009
noorulhaq (2)
 | March 18, 2009 | 6:41 PM
Posted by Guest
2 Comments
asjdksjaljlajfdasklsj
Article Comments
why do you say that
Guest / betausers71 / March 18, 2009 / 6:41 PM
becuse sosososso
Guest / betausers72 / March 18, 2009 / 6:42 PM
Intellectual Property Management in Health & Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook (and Executive Guide) of Best Practices (1)
 | March 18, 2009 | 1:03 PM
Posted by Visitor
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www.ipHandbook.org Submitted by Anatole Krattiger.
Visitor / forum9 / March 18, 2009 / 1:04 PM
March 17, 2009
Great resource (1)
 | March 17, 2009 | 8:03 PM
Posted by Guest
1 Comment
Congratulations! Great resource for the wheat community! It would be very nice to have access to full papers.
Martin Quincke
Article Comments
I fully concurr with Martin. Bravo! Anatole.
Guest / betausers66 / March 17, 2009 / 8:05 PM
(erased) (1)
 | Last Update by John Bakum | March 17, 2009 | 7:43 PM | 1 Comment
Article Comments
Hi
John Bakum / Host103 / March 17, 2009 / 7:44 PM
La raza E99 no esta en ecuador (1)
 | March 17, 2009 | 7:27 PM
Posted by Guest
1 Comment
De un analisis de virulencia de la poblaciones de roya del tallo no se encontró virulencias que se asocien con E99
Article Comments
ue se conoce en Peru y Colombia?
Guest / betausers64 / March 17, 2009 / 7:28 PM
Test (1)
 | March 17, 2009 | 6:04 PM
Posted by Visitor
1 Comment
Test article
Article Comments
I saw sometjhing similar at BGRI Workshop Submitted by Visitor / betausers62 / March 17, 2009 / 6:06 PM
March 16, 2009
Rustopedia Demonstration Area (1)
 | March 10, 2009 | 5:51 PM
Posted by John Bakum
1 Attachment | 1 Comment

Rustopedia Demo Area

This area is designed for new users to explore the Rustopedia. Post an article or comment and receive a button! Be a "super user" and get a free Rustopedia t-shirt!

Article Comments
Greetings fellow rust-buster! Several Cornell staff are here in Obregon ...
Rick Ward / betausers59 / March 15, 2009 / 11:29 AM
Attachments
  1. i_posted.jpg (43.5 KB)
February 16, 2009
What can countries not faced with an immediate Ug99 threat do to prepare? (1)
 | January 7, 2009 | 5:36 PM
Posted by Sarah Davidson
1 Comment
Article Comments
This seems like an excellent topic to develop a fact sheet for. I would ...
Visitor / forum7 / February 16, 2009 / 1:01 PM
December 26, 2008
Welcome to your new Project Team Project (2)
 | December 24, 2008 | 1:35 PM
Posted by John Bakum
2 Comments
Here are a few tips:
  • Take a quick look at the Traction Project Setup Guide.
  • Edit this Welcome page to provide a brief introduction to this project. What's its purpose? Who will use it? Who can the reader contact? Include names, phone numbers and email address of people who are responsible for the project, and links to Traction or external web pages that provide help and background.
  • If you have a process in mind for people who you expect to be principal contributors to the project, describe the process and link to a few examples. Make it easy for principal contributors to edit, correct and extend this description as it evolves.
  • If you want a large number people outside the group of principal contributors to read, comment and search the project, create a one page cheat sheet that's easy to read, print or bookmark, and covers the basics with a few well chosen examples. Link to the cheat sheet from the Welcome page.
  • Add a Bulletin label to this Welcome page to make its title visible in the Welcome section that's always automatically displayed on the starting page for blog style projects.
  • Use the Traction new entry / edit entry form to add an inline section to the Welcome page. An inline section can be used to show an automatically updated list of articles that have a label you select (e.g. FAQ) for easy navigation without manually updating the Welcome page each time a new FAQ is added to the project.
For more information, please see:
Traction Help Guide
Traction Software, Inc's web page at www.TractionSoftware.com
email Support@TractionSoftware.com
Article Comments
John, What are your thoughts on having a "classified" project? Stefan
Stefan Einarson / classifieds2 / December 24, 2008 / 6:57 PM (1 Comment)
December 13, 2008
Race typing and other protocols (1)
Race Sampling and Collection A presentation by Zak Pretorius
Protocols for Innoculation and Virulence Analysis A presentation by Robert Park and Kumarse Nazari
 | Last Update by Sarah Davidson | October 20, 2008 | 3:21 PM | 1 Comment
Article Comments
What's the difference between race typing and race analysis?
Gordon Cisar / Pathogen108 / December 13, 2008 / 8:16 PM
Race analysis and differentials (3)
Development of differential varieties - a review
headline bar

Kurt J. Leonard U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108

This article was obtained from the USDA web site:

http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=10348

Differential varieties distinguish pathotypes (races) by their qualitative differences in reactions to different pathogen strains. In the simplest case showing unequivocal specificity of virulence, variety A is resistant to pathotype 1 but susceptible to pathotype 2, whereas variety B is susceptible to pathotype 1 but resistant to pathotype 2. In this example, A and B are differential varieties.

The first example of this type of differential reactions was reported by Barrus (1911), although he did not use the term ‘differential variety’ in developing his concept that varieties with different reaction types can be used to distinguish pathotypes. As a class exercise, graduate students at Cornell University inoculated a series of bean varieties with Collectotrichum lindemuthianum. To their surprise, several varieties that had been resistant in previous tests, were susceptible to the strain of C. lindemuthianum that they used. Furthermore, two varieties that previously had been susceptible, were resistant to their new strain of C. lindemuthianum. Barrus confirmed their results and speculated that “various strains of other fungi may differ in their power to infect the host plant and that certain plants now heralded as immune may be susceptible if attacked by a strain of the fungus from another source” (Barrus, 1911).

Levine and Stakman (1918) first used the term ‘differential host’ in identifying pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, cause of wheat stem rust. Their set of differentials included varieties of hexaploid bread wheat, Triticum aestivum; tetraploid durum, T. turgidum; and diploid einkorn, T. monococcum. Mains and Jackson (1926) used a set of 11 varieties of the single species T. aestivum to identify pathotypes of wheat leaf rust (P. triticina). Mains and Jackson used the term ‘differential variety’, but apparently they preferred the term ‘differential strain’ because many wheat varieties at that time were not genetically homogeneous. Over time with greater emphasis on varietal purity in crops, the term ‘differential variety’ became generally accepted and ‘differential strain’ disappeared from the literature.

From the beginning, it was clear that knowledge of the pathotypes in pathogen populations was essential for developing disease resistance effective over diverse locations and years. Uniform sets of differential varieties were established to compare pathotypes internationally both to predict effectiveness of new forms of resistance and to track long distance movement of pathogen populations. With increased knowledge of the genetics of resistance and virulence, differential varieties began to be used to monitor changes in virulence gene frequencies in pathogen populations. Flor’s (1955) discovery of the gene-for-gene relationship between host resistance and pathogen virulence showed that virulence genotypes of pathotypes can be inferred when resistance genotypes were known for each differential variety. Person (1959) expanded on Flor’s analysis by demonstrating that maximum numbers of pathotypes that can distinguished when each differential variety has a different single gene for resistance.

Roelfs and Martens (1988) established an international standard set of 12 differential varieties, each with a different single resistance gene, to replace Stakman’s wheat stem rust differentials, because Stakman’s set included several varieties with multiple resistance genes. Roelfs and Martens selected their differential varieties for clear distinctions between high and low infection types, and they changed Stakman’s pathotype nomenclature to a dichotomous system by reducing infection type choices to either high (susceptible) or low (resistant) instead of the three choices of high, low, or mesothetic reaction types in the Stakman system. The dichotomous system has been adopted generally in setting up differential varieties and designating pathotypes for other plant pathogens. Roelfs and Martens’ use of supplemental differential varieties in addition to the standard set also has become common practice with other pathogens when additional information is desired for specific situations.

Although any number of differentials may be used, standard sets generally include about 8 to 16 differential varieties. Larger sets become unwieldy for routine use. The best sets of differential varieties, such as for barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei), have differentials with different single resistance genes backcrossed into a common genetic background (Køster, et al., 1986). Near-isogenic differentials eliminate confounding effects of modifier genes acting on resistance in different host backgrounds.

The utility of differential varieties is most obvious in supporting disease resistance breeding in cultivated crops, but differential varieties also are used to study coevolution of natural host pathogen systems. For example, Harry and Clarke (1986) established a set of differential varieties of the wild species Senecio vulgaris to demonstrate the great diversity of powdery mildew (Erisyphe fischeri) pathotypes present in natural host-pathogen systems.

References

Barrus, M.F. 1911. Variation of varieties of beans in their susceptibility to anthracnose. Phytopathology 1:190-195.

Flor, H.H. 1955. Host-parasite interactions in flax rust - its genetics and other implications. Phytopathology 45:680-685.

Harry, J.B., and D.D. Clark. 1986. Race-specific resistance in groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) to the powdery mildew Erisyphe fischeri. New Phytologist 103:176-175.

Køster, P., L. Munk, O. Stølen, and J. Løhde. 1986. Near-isogenic barley lines with genes for resistance to powdery mildew. Crop Sci. 26:903-907.

Levine, M.N., and E.C. Stakman. 1918. A third biologic form of Puccinia graminis on wheat. J. Agric. Res. 13:651-654.

Mains, E.B., and Jackson, H.S. 1926. Physiologic specialization in the leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina Erikss. Phytopathology 16:89-119.

Person, C. 1959. Gene-for-gene relationships in host:parasite systems. Can. J. Bot. 37:1101 1130.

Roelfs, A.P., and J.W. Martens. 1988. An international system of nomenclature for Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Phytopathology 78:526-533.


 

 
Last Modified: 10/21/2005
 | Last Update by Sarah Davidson | October 21, 2008 | 12:54 PM | 1 Attachment | 3 Comments
Article Comments
Dear Kurt. Let's talk
Sarah Davidson / Pathogen40 / November 8, 2008 / 8:27 AM
There is considerable confusion and ignorance in the wheat community about ...
Gordon Cisar / Pathogen105 / December 13, 2008 / 8:12 PM (1 Comment)
Attachments
  1. headline_bar.gif (58 B)
Breeding strategies and protocols (1)
Marker assisted selection: a strategy for wheat improvement by Bhakti Rana, Preeti Rana , Manoj K. Yadav, Sundeep Kumar
How to Hand Pollinate Wheat provided by Eli Rogosa growseed.org
 | Last Update by Sarah Davidson | October 20, 2008 | 3:49 PM | 1 Comment
Article Comments
Need to ask Ravi to detail his Selected Bulk and shuttle breeding ...
Gordon Cisar / Host89 / December 13, 2008 / 8:06 PM
World Wheat (2)
Global production
 | Last Update by Sarah Davidson | December 2, 2008 | 10:09 AM | 2 Comments
Article Comments
What content do we expect to place under this heading? If it does not have ...
Gordon Cisar / Host87 / December 13, 2008 / 8:03 PM
Maybe something about global production areas under threat (historically: ...
Gordon Cisar / Host88 / December 13, 2008 / 8:05 PM
Resistance Genes (2)
Resistance Genes Catalog (contributed by Mark Sorrells)
Wheat CAP Stem Rust Resistance
 | Last Update by Sarah Davidson | October 20, 2008 | 2:32 PM | 2 Comments
Article Comments
re: Resistance Genes Catalogue (contributed by Mark Sorrells) Could add an ...
Mark Sorrells / Host61 / November 18, 2008 / 10:00 AM
The article authored by Singh et. al. in Advances in Agronomy is an ...
Gordon Cisar / Host86 / December 13, 2008 / 8:01 PM
How Do I edit an article? (1)
 | November 16, 2008 | 3:38 PM
Posted by John Bakum
3 Attachments | 1 Comment
You can access the edit article window by selecting the Edit Article link in the right-hand navigation under Article Tools:



Or if you are on the Project Homepage, position your mouse over the article you wish to edit and right-click your mouse. The Context Menu will appear, then select the Edit Article option:
The Edit Article window is the same as the Add Article window.
Click here for more information.
Article Comments
What defines an "article"? Is it something I myself have authored, or can ...
Gordon Cisar / betausers48 / December 13, 2008 / 7:55 PM
Attachments
  1. snip_edit_article.JPG (11.3 KB)
  2. snip_edit_article_menu.gif (17.6 KB)
  3. snip_edit_article_menu.gif (17.3 KB)
Invitation to Collaborators (1)
 | November 1, 2008 | 4:19 PM
Posted by Stefan Einarson
1 Comment
Dear Rustopedia Collaborator,


One of the goals of the DRRW is to promote information and research on wheat rust via a strong, collaborative presence on the World Wide Web. One aspect of this goal has been to create a wheat rust knowledgebase—a one-stop shop for everything wheat rust. We call this project the Rustopedia, reflecting the participatory “wiki” aspects of the site as well as its encyclopedic nature.

We describe the Rustopedia as an “interactive” knowledgebase, which means that its success is dependent on user participation. In order to learn how best to serve the users, we would like to open the resource to a small group of “beta” users prior to our official launch in January of ’09.

I am writing to you today to ask you to participate in this trial period as a beta user. We understand that you are very busy, so we want to let you know that we do not anticipate your participation taking up very much time. If you are willing, please respond to this message and I will set up an occasion to communicate with you one on one.

As a beta user, you will be able to help guide us in what content and resources the wheat rust community would like to make available. Equally important will be feedback on your experience as a user of the site and whether or not you find the resource to be user-friendly.

The Rustopedia is meant to be a valuable tool for wheat rust workers. Therefore, it is key that the resource reflects the needs of this community—something we can only accomplish with feedback from experts such as you.

We look forward to your feedback.
Article Comments
Are there goals / milestones we want to have in place before launch in ...
Gordon Cisar / betausers47 / December 13, 2008 / 7:52 PM
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